The American Revolution Building a Nation to Benefit...

When the American Revolutionary War ended, it did not mark the end of the American Revolution as a whole. Rather it marked the first step in a long and difficult process of forming a nation with a strong central government. Even before the Revolutionary War began, leaders of the thirteen American colonies recognized the importance and necessity of some form of centralized government. The Second Continental Congress, held in 1775 , was the first serious attempt to bring organization and unity to the thirteen individual and self- interested American colonies. At the Second Continental Congress, a committee was formed to produce the framework of a governmental system. The result, the Articles of Confederation, were weak and ineffective†¦show more content†¦Finally, in November of 1777, Congress accepted a very different version of the Articles of Confederation than Dickinson had originally intended upon. The Articles that were finally agreed upon overly protected the independen ce of states and did not supply Congress with the necessary power to run a unified country. In its existence under the Articles of Confederation, the United States were anything but â€Å"united.† Each state basically acted as an independent country with it’s own government and own set of rules. The Articles were faulty and unclearly thought out in many ways, which left the United States unorganized and on the verge of chaos for several years to come. The most blatant and detrimental of the Articles’ flaws was that they did not grant the Congress the ability to levy taxes. The only way for Congress to raise money was to ask the individual states for donations, and this left Congress extremely low on funds. During the years of the Revolutionary War the United States Congress incurred a very large war debt. The Congress owed $12 million to foreign countries, $27 million to the American people plus $12.5 million in interest. The individual states owed $21 million. The Congress was over $50 million in debt. Without the ability to levy taxes, the Congress was left with virtually no possible way of repaying their huge war debts. The American people began to get angry and uneasy with the unpaid debts.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of The War On The PeopleS Property And Their1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of the war on the people s property and their children made people to oppose the revolution. Wealthy parents and the righ t wing politicians saw it as a movement that was out to destroy property and kill their children. Che Guevara describes the morning attack on Moncada garrison as a disaster because many of the rebels were killed on that day and a good number, including their leaders, were detained (Guevara, p.128). In Old Rosa: A Novel in Two Stories, Rosa is dejected that her sonRead MoreThe Socio-Economics of the Industrial Revolution and Its Effects on the American Economy1042 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1750, during the Industrial Revolution, over fourteen percent of the workforce in factories consisted of workers under fourteen years old (History.com Staff 9). With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the social classes of America shifted tremendously. This shift of classes came from the arrival of machinery and factories from Britain. The new type of workforce that was required from industrialization gradually created a large gap of extremely wealthy people and poorer workers (the majority)R ead MoreMassive Open Online Courses1349 Words   |  6 Pagesseem to be bona fide concepts to export to developing nations, but in reality, online higher education is a part of the veiled forced westernization of the third world. Throughout history in various instances the western world imposed the western educational model on traditional cultures. This education interferes with the native culture and destroys the history of the people. The poster for Carol Black’s film, Schooling the World: The White Man’s Last Burden?, poses a question: â€Å"if you wanted toRead More Digital Revolution Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesDigital Revolution The world we live in today is a very fascinating and mysterious place. While many people are intrigued that there might be life on another planet, cyberspace is a whole other world on earth. The widespread impact and use of the Internet did not mesmerize the world until the early 1990s. The author, John Schwartz, examines some of the effects the Internet has had on a small town. Another author, Dale Spender, focuses on the effects of the Internet on the world as a whole. InRead MoreRacism- An Aid to American Society2184 Words   |  9 PagesRacism – An Aid to American Society? â€Å"Racism is actions, practices or beliefs, or social or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities.† (Newman, 2012) Racism has promulgated after the slavery in America, and these practices are still evident in our generations today. Oftentimes, when the word â€Å"racism† is heard by many, negative characteristics on these actionsRead MoreEssay about Sukmynuts3542 Words   |  15 PagesChapter 9 The Market Revolution 51. Complaint of a Lowell Factory Worker 1. The female factory worker compared her conditions with those of slaves because she felt like they were being treated like slaves by not being allowed to speak for themselves. She felt that they were awed into silence by wealth and power and was under tyranny and cruel oppression 2. She doubt the sincerity of the Christian beliefs of the factory owners because they talk benevolence in the parlor, compel theirRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of America1832 Words   |  8 Pagesopportunities. However, when they finally make it to this country the â€Å"American Dream† becomes a nightmare, because they suffer discrimination, poverty, and injustice. Tired of the injustice against Mexican immigrants and the discrimination they suffered, the Mexican-American started a movement, the Chicano movement. The Chicano movement occurs after being tired from suffering, for many years, margination, poverty and a broken â€Å"american dream†. The Chicanos besides succeeding in the creation of literaryRead MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 PagesCHAPTER 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–1850 I. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis A. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises 1. Rivalry among the European powers intensified in the early 1600s as the Dutch Attacked Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas and in Asia. In the 1600s and 1700s the British then checked Dutch commercial and colonial ambitions and went on to defeat France in the Seven Years War (1756–1763)Read MoreEssays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.11068 Words   |  45 PagesEssays for The American Pageant, 14th ed. Part One 1. From the perspective of Native Americans, the Spanish and English empires in America had more similarities than differences. Assess the validity of this generalization. Response Strategy It is important to develop a clear thesis on the validity of the statement at the outset of the essay. A good essay could be developed on either side of the issue or in support of a middle-of –the-road position. Supporting paragraphs should beRead MoreApush Chp17 Notes2924 Words   |  12 PagesCapital (Americans funding the economic expansion) * Technologies increasing productivity * Friendly gov policies (tariffs, land grants, loans) * Talented entrepreneurs A. The Business of Railroads. ~ The nation’s first big business : railroads, which had greatest impact on Am economic life. - Created a market for goods encouraged mass production, mass consumption, economic specialization. - Resources used promoted growth of industries (coal steel). - The American Railroad

St. Thomas Aquinas the Summa Theologica - 1131 Words

AP European History May 14, 2011 St. Thomas Aquinas: The Summa Theologica St. Thomas Aquinas’s â€Å"The Summa Theologica† is a document meant to summarize the difference between divine laws and human laws. This document explains whether these two types of laws are just or unjust. Aquinas demonstrates how laws are the reason for the common good which is made by those who care for their community, and how all the laws come from divine reasons which according to the document are understood by men. The first part of this document analyzes how laws are just or unjust depending on the impact they have on our conscience. Aquinas seems to represent the idea that just laws are in our minds because they are the laws of God and they are just†¦show more content†¦Aquinas replied to this by saying that there are laws that oppose to God’s commandments and that these commandments are way beyond the extent of men’s power, hence we should not obey human because they oppose God’s. The last objection made by this author was th at human laws make men lose his personality and brings him harm, and that they don’t stay in our minds because we know that is common sense not to do certain things in life that create oppression and violence. For example, we know that one of God’s commandments says that we should not kill and as soon as we gain conscience of life this stays in our minds. Aquinas replied to this objection by saying that is true and that if men disobey unjust laws he can avoid a greater consequence. According to Aquinas changing a law should only be done when the new one benefits towards the common good. However, changing these laws will affect society and the common good because we are already accustomed to these laws whether they are good or bad. When a society sees that laws are being changed they are going to think that things can be easily changed from now and on and that’s not a good thing. When any law is changed the power of that law decreases as well as the custom. As result of this human laws shouldn’t be changed unless it benefits the commonShow MoreRelatedAquinas’ and Dante’s Common Ideals1153 Words   |  5 PagesAquinas’ and Dante’s Common Ideals While St. Thomas Aquinas established himself as the New Aristotle of the 13th century, Dante Alighieri established himself the new Virgil. The two men made an immense impact in their respective fields (poetry and philosophy). Yet surprisingly, the two share common ideals. In each of their respective literary and philosophical views, they establish the importance of the relationship between nature and grace. In Dante’s Inferno the unique relationship ofRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas On The Existence Of God1048 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Thomas Aquinas is considered to be one of the greatest minds of the western world as well as one of the greatest theologians. In his work Summa Theologica, which he revised many times over the course of his life, he explored the existence of God, and there are essentially five ways in which St. Thomas Aquinas argues the existence of God. The first way is the argument from change, the second way is the argument from causation, the third argument is the argument from possibility and necessity,Read MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas: Proving Gods Existence Essay1866 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Aquinas inherently affirmed in the teachings of the Catholic Church. Born in Italy in 1225 to a noble family, Thomas was one of at least nine children. He was a highly educated man, beginning his education at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, moving on to the University of Naples. Thomas had a strong belief in God and aspired to prove God’s actuality. During his life, Aquinas produced numerous works on the subject the most notable being the Summa contra Gentiles and the Summa Theologica . Read MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreBombardier Aerospace: An Overview1590 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence, a central dispute concerns whether or not to use a rational approach or a more Biblically-grounded approach. This paper examines three theories that are germane to the rational approach the Five Proofs issued by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica, the central premise of St. Anselms Proslogion, and Augustines premise from his canonical text City of God. After discussing these three arguments, two Christological arguments are discussed, namely Richard Bauckhams thesis from God Crucified:Read MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas And The Theological Principles Of Faith1831 Words   |  8 Pagesthan merely to contemplate† is a famous quote by St. Thomas Aquinas. It mentions how giving others the full truth about what they believe in is the best way for others to be willing members of a particular group. St. Thomas Aquinas always believed that there is nothing more sincere than the truth. It was always important to him to make sure everything he said was honest, especially speaking about the Lord so it wouldn’t be considered heresy. As Aquinas grew older and older, he started to learn moreRead More Truth and Goodness in Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas Essays3146 Words   |  13 Pages Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas account for the existence of truth in sharply contrasting ways. Kant locates all truth inside the mind, as a pure product of reason, operating by means of rational categories. Although Kant acknowledges that all knowledge originates in the intuition of the senses, the intelligibility of sense experience he attributes to innate forms of apperception and to categories inherent to the mind. The innate categories shape the â€Å"phenomena† of sensible being, andRead MoreAbelard and Aquinas Essay713 Words   |  3 Pages Peter Abelard was a renowned dialectician from 1079 to 1142. He subjected theological doctrines to logi cal analysis. In other words, he used rational argument to discover truth. Saint Thomas Aquinas, was a believer in the power of reason, giving St. Augustines theory an alternate approach. He taught in Paris and Italy during the years 1225 to 1274. Both of these new age thinkers changed the way Catholic followers viewed the natural world. Peter Abelard was one of the new thinkersRead MoreBeowulf : A Pattern And Traditional Form Of Heroism1023 Words   |  5 Pagesfaith in either God or in fate. While men were valued by bravery and even recklessness, women were seen as the voice of wisdom. Beowulf depicts that type of society very well. St. Thomas Aquinas’ philosophy/theories and their impact on philosophy today is most easily depicted from his writings. In the Summa Theologica, Aquinas’s summation of what can be known about god and human beings, the scholastic philosopher presents his arguments in the form of assertions, objects, and replies to those objectionsRead MoreThe s Ontological Proof For The Existence Of God Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pages In his Proslogion, written in 1077-1078, St. Anselm of Canterbury, introduced the first formulation of his ontological proof for the existence of God. In an effort to gain a deeper knowledge and acquaintance with his creator, Anselm set out to logically deduce God’s existence from the very definition of God. In the Proslogion he writes, â€Å"God is that which a greater cannot be thought. Whoever understands this properly, understands that this being exists in such a way that he cannot, even in thought

The Story of an Hour Analysis Free Essays

On â€Å"The Story of an Hour† â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† a short story by Kate Chopin, details the events of the short hour when Mrs. Mallard finds out her husband has died, only to see him walking through the door. Chopin makes it clear through the structure of the story that the irony of these events is no coincidence; there is conflict when people are oppressed and their soul has no joy or freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of an Hour Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is clear in the exposition that Mrs. Mallard is afflicted with heart trouble, implying she is weak, both physically and emotionally. Her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend, Richard, know how fragile she is so, â€Å"great care was taken† to break the news of Mr. Mallard’s death. Following the news of her husband’s death, Mrs. Mallard, â€Å"wept at once†¦in her sister’s arms,† showing her dependence on others. As the immediate feeling of grief spent itself, she went up to her room to be alone with her thoughts. Although she is at first weak, someone who is completely emotionally unstable would not be so willing to go be alone in her room to grief. There is obviously some want to be self dependent and free. The story’s rising action builds through a series of scenery descriptions. After Mrs. Mallard has gone up to her room, she faces an open window. The blue sky â€Å"showing here and there† and â€Å"countless sparrows† twittering outside were mentioned, symbolizing happiness and peace. Mrs. Mallard is then described by the narrator as a woman with â€Å"a dull stare in her eyes,† as she fixed her gaze on the blue sky, as if finally realizing that they were there. The details of the rising actions transition into the climax, where Mrs. Mallard feels an emotion â€Å"approaching to possess her. † After the realization that â€Å"there would be no one to live for† for the rest of her life Mrs. Mallard continues to whisper under her breath, â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † This moment is filled with joy; however a turn of events could be predicted to come soon as she prayed â€Å"that life might be long. † At the falling action of the story, Mrs. Mallard leaves the room with the open window with a â€Å"feverish triumph in her eyes. † She is unquestionably a confident and new woman as she walks down the stairs with her sister. The story concludes with the denouement in which Brently Mallard enters the front door, unharmed. The shock of his homecoming is extremely evident through Josephine’s â€Å"piercing cry† and Richard quickly trying to block him from the view of his wife. Mrs. Mallard apparently has a heart attack and dies â€Å"of the joy that kills. † By the time Mrs. Mallard realizes that because her husband has died she will now be able to experience the joy of freedom, â€Å"the face of this possession† has unexpectedly walked in through the door. Although most would expect the weak Mrs. Mallard to die when hearing the news of her husband’s death, it is seeing him alive and realizing that she will continue to be his possession that causes her heart and her soul to die. How to cite The Story of an Hour Analysis, Papers

KPJ Healthcare Berhad - Internal Analysis free essay sample

1. Shortage of qualified staff Some of the staff is still under training but they provide service such as nurses. This maybe will damage the reputation of the hospital among its competitors. Currently, there are critical needs for experienced nurses in the operating room, critical care, and neonatal care arenas. Also some of their doctors they are fresh graduated and need some professional training. KPJ to ensure all their staff nurse have finished their training first to deliver quality work more efficient. It thus able to attract customers trust for the service they offer. In addition, doctors also need at least have the experience more than five years before deploying as one of the KPJ 2. High cost of operations The running cost of health care industry may be high compare to the income. This has happen in a lot of organization before which has resulted in organization collapse. Managing productivity of their physicians. ensured that nursing and paramedical teams get to play a more active reduce expences. 3.Weak operating cash flows Any business needs good income to continue in their business, KPJ has many branches around Malaysia but some of the branches they have weak income and this maybe will force the company to close these branches. 1. Goods Examining the data from the sales staff on the regular basis 2. Information KPJ must have visibility of their product shipments 3. Fund Doing customer credit check Offering term discount Asking customer to pay by cash or credit card Charging late fees 4. Corporate governance risk KPJ Healthcare Berhad does engage in related-party transaction with companies under the Johor Corp umbrella since they are ultimately owned by the state of Johor. They may have used any advance national agenda to detriment of minority stakeholders. Oversight of risk management is a clear duty of the board Aware of risk management and incentive system 1. Shortage of qualified staff The world has entered a critical period for human resources for health. The scarcity of qualified health personnel, including nurses, is being highlighted as one of the biggest obstacles to achieving health system effectiveness. Nurses are the main professional component of the ‘front line’ staff in most health systems, and their contribution is recognized as essential to meeting development goals and delivering safe and effective care. Shortage of qualified staff nurse will decrease quality of patient care. Staff shortages caused by nursing turnover are associated with significant decreases in the general quality of patient care, increases in the length of patient stays within hospitals. Some of the staff is still under training but they provide service such as nurses. This maybe will damage the reputation of the hospital among its competitors. Also some of their doctors they are fresh graduated and need some professional training. Currently, there are critical needs for experienced nurses in the operating room, critical care, and neonatal care arenas. To overcome these issues, KPJ to ensure all employees have finished their training first to deliver quality work more efficient. It thus able to attract customers trust for the service they offer. Other than that, hospitals are reintroducing intensive training programs for nurses in these specialties. This helps to retain nurses who are looking for a transfer opportunity as well as to recruit new staff. It also builds a career development path for staff. These training programs are not inexpensive and nursing leaders must be prepared to justify the required budget. Given the cost of temporary staff, this should be a logical solution for the organizations leadership to endorse. In addition, doctors also need at least have the experience more than five years before deploying as one of the KPJ. 2. High cost of operations The running cost of health care industry may be high compare to the income. This has happen in a lot of organization before which has resulted in organization collapse. Factor: Increased use of health care, especially expensive new medical technologies, by all age groups. General Price inflation. Inflation in the prices of medical services beyond general price inflation. Aging of the population. The recommendation for these issues is KPJ must manage to keep such costs quite low by managing productivity of their physicians. They have also ensured that nursing and paramedical teams get to play a more active role in care delivery, thus reducing the need for physicians, especially in routine interventions. Some of the hospitals have also managed to reduce expenses on energy through smart design. While repairs and maintenance again, through smart negotiation on warranty period and terms of maintenance with the vendors at the time of equipment procurement. 3. Weak operating cash flows Any business needs good income to continue in their business, KPJ has many branches around Malaysia but some of the branches they have weak income and this maybe will force the company to close these branches. Cash is the fuel that drives business, and many financial analysts consider the condition of a companys cash flow to be one of the most important indicators of that businesss financial health. After all, a well-managed flow of cash like a strong heart is usually indicative of a healthy business, while poorly managed cash flow, or a weak heart, can cause problems that affect the entire business. In 2012, cash reserves at KPJ Healthcare Bhd fell by 50. 53m. However, the company earned 201. 01m from its operations for a Cash Flow Margin of 9. 59%. In addition the company generated 156. 09m cash from financing while 407. 80m was spent on investing. Its important to note that a cash flow crisis is usually a symptom of a broader supply chain sickness. Treating this illness requires the attention of the logistics manager, the purchasing department, operations, the tech guys and even the CEO. And while working with a bank to open a line of credit or amending an existing financial instrument can certainly help, the only real way to address a cash flow problem is to take a holistic, long-term view of the issue. Fixing a cash flow problem requires companies to examine and improve the three key flows of commerce: goods, information and funds. KPJ must follow the goods. The faster a seller moves goods to a buyer, the faster the buyer will pay for those goods, and that impacts cash flow. Therefore, businesses must ask themselves how they can better improve the speed at which their goods exchange hands. And this goes well beyond the actual transportation of the goods. Rather, it requires an examination of the entire processfrom sales all the way through invoicing. Its vitally important for a companys decision to be plugged into the sales process, examining the data from the sales staff on a regular basis. How much was sold yesterday, how much will be sold today, and what about tomorrow? The more accurate this information, the tighter the inventory. And the tighter the inventory, the better the cash flow. After all, every item thats sitting on a warehouse shelf represents inaccessible capital. Turning that inventory into sales begins to unleash that capital. If the inventory isnt moving, they not moving cash. On the flip side,KPJ have to be prepared to quickly replace sold or outdated inventory. For the recommendation for this problem, the next vital key to good cash flow is information, and for that, KPJ must have visibility of their product shipments. Once the goods leave the dock en route to your buyers, how much visibility do you have regarding the progress each shipment is making? Do KPJ have a tracking number for every package? Did KPJ share the tracking number with the others? Are KPJ aware that a package was delayed due to weather? While all these questions primarily reside in the operations side of the house, they can also have a major impact on customer service, which in turn can impact cash flow. After all, a customer who feels well treated is more inclined to pay on time. In addition to tracking the shipments, using the information KPJ have about each shipments status and delivery time enables them to put invoices into the hands of their buyers as soon as possible. Once the goods are delivered, they will receive confirmation that the orders been delivered and upon receiving that confirmation, they automatically trigger an invoice. All this information helps to build solid, long-term relationships with your customers while improving cash flow. Next recommendation is speed the funds. This is the area where business owners usually look for a quick solution. Doing customer credit checks. Perform credit checks on all new and non-cash customers. This process can immediately reduce bad debt, since KPJ will stop offering credit to customers who havent proved they deserve it. Offering term discounts. To encourage customers to pay on time, consider offering term discounts. For example, if the invoice terms are net 30/2/10, customer payment is expected in 30 days; however, KPJ can offer the customer a 2 percent discount if payment is made in 10 days. Asking customers to pay by cash or credit card. Rather than sell on term payments, sell on cash or credit card payments. Once they got the cash in hand, deposit the funds immediately. Charging late fees. Indicate on the invoice when payment is due, and specify the penalty interest for late payment. These solutions have been and will remain key ingredients in helping to cure cash flow ailments. But theyre not the only funds-related prescriptions. Consider these options: C. O. D. (Collect on Delivery). C. O. D. delivers cost savings and processing efficiencies that improve cash flow. Credit insurance. Todays business environment pretty much mandates that small companies go global. But conducting business with trading partners overseas can be risky. Credit insurance can help mitigate the risks by protecting the value of your receivables. By guarding your bottom line against nonpaymentor even slow paymentof invoices, you can breathe easier about your decision to conduct cross-border trade. And credit insurance can be used on a case-by-case basisfor example, with new customers whose payment histories youre unfamiliar with. Once youve established a more solid relationship with them, you can then stop charging them for the credit insurance. To be successful at cash flow management is to make sure all three flows of commerce that is goods, information and funds are working together to accelerate the movement of money through their supply chain.. 4. Corporate governance risk Corporate governance is the system of principles, policies, procedures, and clearly defined responsibilities and accountabilities. The objectives of a corporate governance system are to eliminate or mitigate conflicts of interest among stakeholders, particularly between managers and shareholders, and to ensure that the assets of the company are used efficiently and productively and in the best interests of the investors and other stakeholders. KPJ Healthcare Berhad does engage in related-party transaction with companies under the Johor Corp umbrella since they are ultimately owned by the state of Johor. They may have used any advance national agenda to detriment of minority stakeholders. The risk of weak corporate governance can look at accounting risk that effect the company’s financial statement recognition and related disclosures are incomplete, misleading, or materially misstated. Other than that, it also has liability risk that effect the risk that management will enter into excessive obligations that destroy the value of shareholders’ equity. In strategic policy risk, the risk that managers may enter into transactions or incur other business risks that are self-serving and may not be in the best long-term interest of shareholders. Companies with strong governance had greater investment performance. Companies with strong shareholders’ rights outperformed those with weak protections. The failure of a company to establish an effective system of corporate governance represents a major operational risk to the company and its investors. Companies committed to corporate governance often provide a statement of corporate governance policies. Weak corporate governance systems give rise to risks including accounting risk, asset risk, liability risk, and strategic policy risk. Hence to overcome this weakness, KPJ should oversight of risk management of the board. Internal controls were an important current theme but risk management issues were nevertheless emerging and were partially taken into account. The board should fulfill certain key functions including reviewing and guiding corporate strategy, major plans of action, and risk policy to ensuring the integrity of the corporation’s accounting and reporting systems. That appropriate systems of control are in place, in particular systems of risk management, financial and operational control. A function of the board to be monitoring the effectiveness of the company’s management practices and making changes as needed. Monitoring of governance by the board also includes continuous review of the internal structure of the company to ensure that there are clear lines of accountability for management throughout the organization. It is not just accountability but also the process by which information is passed to the top. The board will also need to ensure that there is appropriate oversight by senior management. The chairman is responsible for leadership of the board, ensuring its effectiveness in all aspects of its role and setting its agenda. The Chairman is also responsible for ensuring that the directors receive accurate, timely and clear information. The Chairman should ensure effective communications with shareholders. The Chairman should also facilitate the effective contribution of non-executive directors in particular and ensure constructive relations between executive and non-executive directors. Board members should act on a fully informed basis, in good faith, with due diligence and care, and in the best interest of the company and the shareholders. Where board decisions may affect different shareholders groups differently, the board should treat all shareholders fairly. Second, KPJ should aware of risk management and incentive systems. An important feature of the crisis has been the realization that in a number of companies there appeared to be disconnect between strategy and risk management on the one hand, and incentives on the other. By incentives is meant not just remuneration but also other aspects such as promotion. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and its shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring. Question 4: The examination of strategic capabilities and strategic decision 1. Strategic Capabilities a) Leadership Commitment to Competence As a service provider, the Group is committed to improve the skills and competencies of its management, medical consultants and employees through various training programmers, seminars, workshops and quality initiatives. The Group has made it mandatory for each staff to undergo at least 30 hours of training per year as part of the indicator in the Key Performance Indicators with the objective of encouraging knowledge management and initiatives. Training on work related areas such as customer services, ? re safety and corporate culture are done either internally or through external moderators. The Group also organizes the KPJ Medical Conference, Medical Workshop and Nursing Convention yearly for the medical consultants, nurses and allied health staff to deliberate and discuss medical and clinical issues related to their practices to promote patient safety, best practices as well as standardization of practices. New and creative ideas are encouraged through suggestion schemes and Innovative Circle Committee competitions, held yearly, whereby the winner of this event will represent KPJ at the higher level of competition at JCorp, the ultimate holding corporation. b) Cultural Support Integrity And Ethical Values The Management is committed to enforce ethical behaviour in employees and medical consultants. At the annual staff assembly or Pedoman (Perhimpunan, Dialog dan Anugerah Tahunan Anggota Pekerja) in the hospitals, new staff takes an oath and sign a Service Pledge declaration form. All employees and medical consultants are reminded during the Pedoman of the five Core Values adopted by the Group, which are Safety, Courtesy, Integrity, Professionalism and Continuous Improvement. Employees are also encouraged to report directly to the Managing Director of any misconduct or unethical behaviour committed by any staff of the Group through the Borang Peradaban declaration. Kpj strives to cultivate safety and quality in work culture The Group has implemented the policy on Code of Ethics and Business Conduct to emphasize the commitment of the Group towards ethical values. All hospitals and companies within the Group have been requested to sign an integrity pledge with their suppliers, contractors and other related third parties. c) Structural Fit Board Responsibility The primary responsibility of the Board is to ensure the adequacy and integrity of the Groups internal controls system which cover ? nancial operational and compliance controls management. The principal objective of the internal controls system is to manage business risks effectively, enhance the value of shareholders investments and safeguards assets of the Group. The role of Managing Director and Management is to assist in the design and implementation of the Boards policies on internal control system. Since internal controls are designed to manage and reduce risks rather than eliminate them, therefore such internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance to Management and the Board of Directors regarding the achievement of company objectives through:- Effectiveness and efficiency of operations Reliability of ? nancial reporting Compliance with applicable laws and regulations The Board still relies on the COSO Internal Control Framework to ensure an appropriate and sound system of internal controls, which encompasses ? ve interrelated components i. e. the Control Environment, Risk Assessment Framework, Control Activities, Information and Communication and Continuous Monitoring process. d) Communication KPJ has successfully implemented the KPJ Clinical Information System (KCIS) in KPJ Penang Specialist Hospital, KPJ Johor Specialist Hospital, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJTawakkal Specialist Hospital, KPJAmpangPuteri Specialist Hospital and KPJDamansara Specialist Hospital. New modules introduced include the Medical Care Solution for patient management, Nursing Care Solution catering for nursing care plan and management, Pharmacy with interface to a drug database decision support system and also Picture Archiving and Communications System for the imaging department and medical records. Ultimately all hospitals within the Group would be implementing KPJ Clinical Information System. By implementing and utilizing this system, all patient information can be shared throughout the Group and facilitates patient transfer from one hospital to another.

Article VIII What does it really mean essays

Article VIII What does it really mean essays Article VIII: What Does It Really Mean? required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment Excessive bail was borrowed with a few slight changes from the English Bill of Rights Act. The concept of bail in both England and in the United States was never thought as right to bail in all cases, but to provide that bail would not be excessive in cases where it is considered legitimate to set bail. The definition of Bail, as according to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, property given as surety that a person released from custody will return custody will return at an appointed time. The concept of bail was first created by the Statute of Westminster the First of 1275 A.D., which created a detailed list of certain offenses that were bailable and those that were not. Because judges were permitted to imprison people with or without bail, the Petition of Right was enacted in 1628 A.D. Due to various frauds of petitions for habeas corpus which could not be presented the English Parliament enacted the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 A.D., which established procedures for the release of prisoners from prison and created penalties for judges who did not comply with the Act. As a result of this, the judges then set bail so high, that it could not be met. With this Parliament responded by including in the Bill of Rights of 1689 A.D. a provision that excessive bail shoul d not be required. In America excessive fines were given meaning during the early part of the twentieth century. In an early case, the Supreme Court held that it had no authority to revise the sentence of an inferior court, despite the fact that the excessiveness of the fines were quite apparent on the face of the records. With the inability to pay, the poor were then sentenced to jail and thus giving meaning to the term ''excessive fines'' as it applied to the person sentenced. During the time the Eighth Amendment was adopt...

Are You An Introvert Or An Extrovert What It Means For You

Are You An Introvert Or An Extrovert What It Means For You Extroverts  are born to socialize. They feed off the energy of others and  don’t particularly enjoy  alone time. Introverts, on the other hand, are  quite the opposite. They enjoy spending time alone and use that alone time as an opportunity to recharge their batteries. But what are the key differences between an extrovert and an introvert, and what do they mean for you?

How Significant Was Kevin Rudd's Apology to the Stolen Generations Essay

How Significant Was Kevin Rudd's Apology to the Stolen Generations - Essay Example It was a very strong political expression that the country expressed towards the acknowledgement of fundamental human rights. The apology statement had very relevant political and social implications on Australia and the outlook of the country towards its indigenous populations. These implications stretch beyond the geographical boundaries of the country as the issue was discussed by the civil society all across the world. The objective of this essay is to analyze the significance of Kevin Rudd’s Apology to the Stolen Generations. Background of the apology The apology was a political statement which had been awaited for many years. Indigenous children and children of Torres Strait Islanders were forcefully separated from their families by the Australian government. The justification that the Australian government had for this act was the desired objective of upward social mobility and exposure of these children to the predominant modernized culture of Australia (Haebich, 2011) . These children were later referred to as the ‘Stolen Generation’. An enquiry commission The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, headed by Mick Dodson and Sir Ronald Wilson, was setup to undertake the â€Å"National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families† (Haebich, 2011 p. 1033). ... 1033). The expression ‘Lost Generation’ is justified by the large percentage of children who were deprived of their parents and living systems. The report shed light to disturbing facts that these children were unhappy in the foster homes, institutions and adoptive families they were put in (Haebich, 2011, p. 1033). The report also contained evidence of forced labor imposed upon these children. The extensive interviews, conducted by the enquiry commission, observed consequences of separation which included medical and psychological issues, addiction, violence, self harm and even suicides (Haebich, 2011). In light of all these observations there was pressure on the Australian government both from within the country and human rights movements across the world. Moreover, out of the 54 recommendations made by The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, one was that the Australian government must apologize to the stolen generation (Haebich, 2011). Since then, this has been a matter of political debate for all the governments which came to power in Australia. In other words, the apology was much awaited by the world. The Political Importance of the Apology The decision of Kevin Rudd to apologize to the Stolen Generation has its importance as a strong political expression. It must be noted here that after the report thoroughly asserting the need of the apology was published, it was denied for 11 long years. No governments owned up the moral responsibility towards the Stolen Generation and the human rights violations faced by them. The general Australian response to the report was that the observations were inflammatory (Haebich, 2011, p. 1033). There was also

A Human Disorder, Involving Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms Essay

A Human Disorder, Involving Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms - Essay Example A lot of people having this condition are born with an aperture in the abdomen wall that facilitates the protrusion of the abdominal organs through the navel. Many infants with BWS have tongues that are abnormally long (macroglossia) which can interfere with swallowing, breathing, and speaking. BWS’s other features include abdominal organs that are abnormally large (viscreromegaly), pits or creases in the skin near the ears, kidney abnormalities, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in infant (Baum, et al, 2007 pg 78). The genetic causes of BWS are complex. It results from regulation of genes that is abnormal in a given region of chromosome 11. People usually inherit a single copy of this chromosome from each parent. In many genes of chromosome 11, each of the two copies of the genes is expressed (turned on) in the cells. However, for some genes, only the gene inherited from the father (paternal copy) is expressed while for some, the copy inherited from the mother (maternal copy) is the only one expressed. These parent specific differences in the expression of the gene are caused by genomic imprinting phenomenon. Abnormalities which involve genes on chromosome 11 that experience genomic imprinting are the cause of many cases of BWS. Typically, half of the cases are at least caused by changes in the methylation process. In genes that experience genomic imprinting, methylation is among the ways that parents of the gene of the origin are marked at the time of the creation of the egg and sperm cells.

2011 Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper

2011 Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example It raised questions about the humanity of the people at the helm of affairs and also questioned the political will of the nation’s system of governance whereby the sincerity of the nation’s political establishment in creating a certain amount of parity within the population is rendered suspect. There are other aspects of this movement and the government’s response that need to be looked into. Apart from not offering any tax sops to the common man and talks of doing away with tax-cuts that were offered during the Bush-era, the government had fuelled the anger of the common man. The brutalities that were carried out upon the protestors by the police came out in the open only due to the work of independent cameramen who were not associated with any news agency. The incidents that occurred during the movement thus bring to light the role of the media as well in the success or failure of such movements. The movement is described by itself as being the result of a series of movements that supports democracy. These, the movement claims, includes the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt where the common man protested against the marginalization of a majority of the population for the purpose of the welfare of the minority that constituted the ruling elite (Occupy Wall Street : The Revolution Continues Worldwide, n.d.). Having this as a moral backing definitely provides a cushion for the movement in terms of the support that it would be able to gather at an international level. There is thus an element of diplomatic support that the supporters of the movement expected to get through their efforts for an equitable society in which everybody would be provided with equal opportunities. In the absence of this, people would live lives whereby their work would be used for the benefit of others and not themselves. Apart from the moral degeneracy of this position, there is also the fact of its unsus tainability from an economic point of view that needs to be looked

Dentistry in Developing Countries

Dentistry in Developing Countries DENTURE CAMP-AN EXPERIENCE BEYOND IMAGINATION Short Title-Gundlupete Denture Camp Abstract Aim: Main aim of dental camp is awareness, education, and motivation of the common man regarding his/her dental health. This report presents the efficient way of conducting a denture camp and tackling the short comings faced during the course. Methods :When treating a vast population in camps, it calls for more number of instruments, equipments and lot of manpower in terms of doctors, dental mechanics and supporting staff. 110 patients were selected for the denture camp. They were informed to come early morning at 8a.m on the scheduled date and make necessary arrangements for their stay for one night during the camp as the most of the patients were from surrounding villages. Discussion: Dentures are no more a luxury; it has become a necessity for the edentulous patients for the basic health maintenance. Many problems were encountered during this camp. Though there were so many hurdles doctors became successful in treating the patients. Conclusion: The team had taken a brave step with all the problems and they ended successfully. In spite of all the problems faced, the dedicated team work proved fruitful in rehabilitating 132 patients in short spans 24 hrs. The efforts of team were highly appreciated by the people. Keywords: Dental Camp, Dentures, Public health. INTRODUCTION Dental Camps in India are being routinely conducted. The main objective being awareness, education, and motivation of the common man regarding his/her dental health. Dental camps usually are conducted for a large population who do not have accessibility for a sophisticated dental treatment and for the people with financial constraint. Camps can be conducted for screening or for treating the patients like extractions, restorations and/or fabrication of dentures. Screening and treatment camps held for extractions, restorations does not require a lot of equipments and man power on the other hand; fabricating a denture for the patients require a lot of equipments and instruments. When treating a vast population in camps, it calls for more number of instruments, equipments and lot of manpower in terms of doctors, dental mechanics and supporting staff. Public health work exhibits a certain number of characteristics that are different from individual practice in the same field. Most important is the fact that the public health work must be done in areas where the group responsibility is recognized. Another characteristic of public health method is its reliance upon the team work. This is due to the necessity of efficient handling of large group of people. This report presents the efficient way of conducting a denture camp and tackling the short comings faced during the course. Materials and Methods A denture camp was conducted by the Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute Bangalore, at Gundlupete, Chamarajanagar distric on 9 and 10th of Feb. 2013 Gundlupete, is a small town with a population of 28157 situated 200 kms from Bangalore. The villagers are hailing mostly from poor families, with a very limited knowledge and accessibility to their basic health maintenance needs, especially dental health. For this reason this particular village was chosen by the Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore to render denture services to the poor and needy patients. Indian Medical Association Gundelpet took the responsibility to provide the services, like accommodation and food for the team. An announcement of the denture camp was made in the village by a local body one month prior to the scheduled date of the camp. Audio aids like public addressing systems/microphones and visual aids like pamphlets were used for the public awareness regarding the camp [1]. Enlightening the people about the Dental health is a must in such a town, so awareness was made. People were instructed through these aids to attend the preliminary screening which was held on held on 9th Jan 2013 for which a team of doctors with required diagnostic aids were deputed from the college. It is an achievement in the history of Government Dental College and Research Institute for having screened 300 patients. Out of 300 patients, 110patients were selected for the denture camp. They were informed to come early morning at 8a.m on the scheduled date and make necessary arrangements for their stay for one night during the camp as the most of the patients were from surrounding villages. The doctors had so much o f keen interest to render the services for selected 110 patients who had come from different parts of the village. A list of all the necessary equipments, materials and instruments with their quantity was made for the fabrications for 125 dentures. Required materials and equipments were collected from the college stores. Chair-side instruments, diagnostic instruments, lab equipments were collected from the staff and students of the Government dental college and research institute. A total of 100 clamps and flasks and 115 articulators were procured. Ten micromotors were collected, of which 5 were from the department and the rest were borrowed from the other departments. Local organization was so kind enough to take the responsibility of providing two gas cylinders for the lab-work. 4 â€Å"T† attachments containing 10 burner gas connection points each were taken from the Department. The collected materials were sorted out in an orderly manner and were packed in the cartons. There were 20 cartons containing equipments and materials. These cartons were numbered and a list containing all mater ials in a particular carton was made and pasted on each of them. A copy of the same was made and kept with a particular volunteer for easy access and to avoid confusion. 3 mini buses containing a team of 55 dentists, 55 dental mechanics and five supporting staff left to Gundlupete on 8 th morning . The dentist’s team consisted of staff including the Dean cum Director, Post Graduate students of the department and the house surgeons from various other departments who volunteered to be a part of this denture camp. The dental mechanics team consisted of dental mechanics from our institution and also from various other dental colleges. After reaching the camp venue ( primary school in gundlupete) rooms were selected for the clinical work, one for the lab work and plaster work was carried out in the open ground in front of the class rooms. Plastic chairs for seating the patients, tables for the dental technicians, gas assembly, huge containers for dewaxing and acrylization were arranged on the same evening. On the 9th morning the camp started at around 8 a.m. All the patients were registered and were given a token to come in queue to avoid confusion. On the token the patients register number and all the clinical steps involved in the denture fabrication with the assigned Doctor’s and technician’s name were mentioned. Along with each mentioned clinical step, space was provided to indicate the step which has been completed for the patient. Dentist and technicians were divided into 11 groups comprising of 5 dentists and 5 technicians in each group. Primary impressions for all the patient’s were made with high fusing impression compound and subsequent wash impression with irreversible hydrocolloid were made. For the patients with poor alveolar ridges special tray were fabricated, border molding was done using putty and subsequently secondary impressions were made with Zinc oxide eugenol. All the primary impressions were numbered according to the number given to the patient. The same numbers were transferred on the casts. Record bases were fabricated using shellac base plates. Occlusal rims were fabricated on the record bases using modeling wax. Lost Occlusal vertical dimension and centric relation were recorded using a static method and shade selection was done. Teeth arrangements were done by the technicians. The try-in was done and the trial dentures were returned to the technicians for the acrylization. Then the patients were asked to come next day morning for denture insertion. Once the patients were dispersed the dentists also joined the technicians for the lab work like sealing of the trial dentures, flasking, dewaxing, acrylization, finishing and polishing procedures. The register numbers were incorporated in the dentures during the trial closure. The whole team worked till all the dentures were processed which went on day and night without taking rest, the team of doctors did not sleep at all, on such herculean line worked till rising of the sun. Deflasking, trimming, finishing and polishing of the dentures were done the following day. All the required chair side trimming was done and denture insertion was carried out. Post insertion instructions were given to the patients in groups and the written format was distributed to each of them. Most of the dentures had satisfactory retention and stability. Patients were comfortable and satisfied. One or two patients who had compromised retention in their dentures due to poor alveolar ridge were instructed to use the denture adhesives. The patients were advised to come after a week for the follow up for which a team of three dentists was deputed from the college. Some of the patients had developed soreness which was relieved and some minor occlusal corrections were carried out. Discussion In developing countries like India , majority of the population lives in villages were providing basic health facilities is a Herculean task. The worldwide prevalence of dental disease is a constant reminder of the almost universal need for effective dental health programmes. These programmes should be routinely conducted for the betterment of the patients. Conducting a successful camp, especially denture camps include assembling the manpower, finance, materials, equipments, instruments, coordination and generous mind of the team. Denture camps unlike the routine camps, require a lot of time, effort, equipments and co-ordination. Treating the edentulous poor patients in camps provides them with dentures which they cannot afford due to financial constraint. Through these camps it is possible to rehabilitate more number of poor patients in short span of time. Rehabilitating the poor edentulous patients improves their appearance, confidence, health and overall well-being. Further, the quality of treatment provided may not be of high standards as all the clinical steps cannot be done due to time constraint, but the treatment given was the stepping stone to make them know the importance of teeth hygiene and to avoid further complications. Active participation of the local organization is very important for the success of the camp. They play a key role in informing and throughing light on their souls how important the camp was to save them from further decay in life. Arranging the venue for the camp, accommodation and food for the team, should also be taken care by the local bodies for a camp to be successful. Success of the camp depends upon the support and co-ordination of the local bodies. Problems were faced as we had only 100 clamp and flasks, the denture processing steps had to be repeated. The number of patients exceeded our estimate, because of which we informed the unregistered patients to undergo the treatment next time. Conclusion Dentures are no more a luxury; it has become a necessity for the edentulous patients for the basic health maintenance. Denture fabrication in a camp requires lot of efforts, manpower, equipments, coordination and support of the local body. Many problems were encountered during this camp. Though there were many hurdles but the doctors became successful in treating the patients. The mountains may look high, but when we begin to climb and reach the top we say it is not so high. The team had taken a brave step with all the problems and they ended with a happy note. In spite of all the problems faced, the dedicated team work proved fruitful in rehabilitating 132 patients in short spans 24 hrs. The efforts of team were highly appreciated by the people.

Computer Ethics Essay -- Ethics Morals Morality

Computer Ethics A Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (see Appendix A) was first presented by Dr. Ramon C. Barquin's in his paper for the Computer Ethics Institute of the Brookings Institution entitled, "In Pursuit of a 'Ten Commandments' for Computer Ethics" in May of 1992. Computer ethics is about principles related to behavior and decisions made by computer professionals and users, including software engineers, operators, managers, policy makers, as well as educators and students. This means all these people involved should be supported with some "policies for ethical conduct" i.e. policies that guide their actions and increase adequacy of the decisions they make. (Szejko par. 1) With the rapid infusion of computers, software and related technologies into homes, schools and businesses, we initially focused our energies on learning about the technologies and how to use them. We now need to focus our attention on the ethical issues surrounding technology to insure that we and our children understand and practice values important to all of us; respect for others, their property, ownership, and the right to privacy. (Alden par. 4) There are various interpretations of the term "computer ethics." Computer ethics might be understood in one sense as the efforts of professional philosophers to apply traditional ethical theories and concepts to issues regarding the use of computer technology. However, it is possible to construe computer ethics in another sense to include standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, and aspects of computer law, public policy, and corporate ethics. Information technology has affected our home life, our business life, and our relationships with others. It has also affected us in regards to ... ... Respect For Your Fellow Humans. Works Cited Alden, Sally B. Myths and Misperceptions on Computer Ethics. 1990. Computer Learning Foundation. Retrieved 26 Jan. 2007 http://www.computerlearning.org/articles/respmyth.htm Barquin, Ramon. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 1992. Computer Ethics Institute. Retrieved 22 Jan. 2007 Davis, Michael. "Thinking like an Engineer: The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession". Philosophy and Public Affairs 20.2 (1991): 150-167. Luegenbiehl, Heinz C. "Codes of Ethics and the Moral Education of Engineers", Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2 (1983): 41-61. Rpt. in Ethical Issues in Engineering . Ed. Deborah G. Johnson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991. 137-154. Szejko, Stanislaw. Patterns of Ethical Behaviour and Decision Making. 2004. Ethicomp 2004. Retrieved 24 Jan. 2007

Periodic Table Research Task

Periodic Table Research Task By Kevin Shaji Part A. You are to research the task below and submit as a written piece of work i) John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1808. Outline his theory. (4 marks) ii) Explain which part of Dalton’s atomic theory was later found to be incorrect. (3 marks) iii) Dalton developed a way to measure the relative atomic mass of the different elements. Using examples research and describe the meaning of the term ‘relative atomic mass’. (3 marks) i) 1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. 2) Atoms cannot be destroyed or created but can be rearranged during chemical changes. ) Atoms of a particular element are identical in mass, size, shape and other properties. 4) Atoms of different elements are different in their mass, size, shape and other properties. 5) Atoms cannot be divided into smaller particles. 6) Atoms of different elements combine in small whole-number ratios to form compounds. ii) 1) One part of Daltonâ €™s atomic theory that was later discovered to be incorrect was the part where atoms could not be divided into smaller pieces. New research has proved that atoms can be sub-divided into sub-atomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. ) Due to the discovery of isotopes it has been discovered that atoms of the same element are not exactly identical. They have different masses due to the number of neutrons. 3) Also it has been discovered that different elements have the same mass. These elements are called isobars. 4) It has been recently discovered that atoms can actually be destroyed by fission processes in atomic reactors or by atomic bombs. 5) Another defect in Dalton’s atomic theory is that not all compounds have small whole-number ratios. They can actually have large whole-number ratios as well. ii) The relative atomic mass is defined as: â€Å"the average mass of the isotopes in a naturally occurring sample of the element, taking into account the proportio n of each isotope present. † The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar. For example naturally occurring chlorine has two isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37. Cl-35 has a relative abundance (which is the percentage of that isotope on Earth in relation to the total abundance of the atom on Earth) of 75% while Cl-37 has a relative abundance of 25%. To calculate the Ar you must put the above into a formula. Ar= (75/100? 35) + (25/100? 37) =35. Another example of calculating relative atomic mass is: For an element E with the naturally occurring isotopes aE, bE, cE, and with the respective abundances of A%, B%, C% etc, the relative atomic mass (Ar) = (A/100 x a) + (B/100 x b) + (C/100 x c) Part B Leucippus Leucippus was an early pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived sometime during the 5th century BCE. Not much of Leucippus early life is known due to the fact that not many of his dates were recorded. What we do know is that he was an Ionian Greek that studied at an Ionian school of naturalistic philosophy.At around 440 BCE Leucippus founded a school at Abdera, which his famous pupil Democritus attended. Around this time he proposed the theory of atomism. According to this atomism, the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which they exist and move. This theory was later explained in much greater detail by his pupil Democritus. Leucippus contributed indirectly towards the development of the periodic table since he proposed the first idea of atoms. Thanks to his ideas the foundation for the periodic table was possible. Without his ideas the way we view the world may be completely different.Democritus Democritus was an influential pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived from circa 460 BCE to circa 370 BCE. He inherited his father’s vast fortunes and used it to travel the world and visit many countries on his quest of knowledge. During these trips he met many scholars who taught many lessons. When he finally came back to h is native land he became interested in natural philosophy. At the around 440 BCE he became associated with a school in Abdera, which was founded by Leucippus, his mentor. His teacher was the first one to propose atoms, but Democritus later adopted this into his own atomic theory.His theory stated that everything contains tiny particles called atoms and that they were indivisible. He hypothesised that these atoms cannot be destroyed, that they were invisible that they were always and moving. He also stated and that they differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement. Democritus contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. His contribution helped people to understand what an atom was and helped other scientist’s further look into science of the atom, which in turn led to the creation of the atomic table. AristotleAristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 384 BCE to 322 BCE. He was the student of the ancient Greek philosopher Plata and the teacher to one of the greatest military commanders in the world Alexander the Great. He taught many subjects including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. He is considered to be one the most important figures in Western philosophy due to his writings encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.One of his most well-known theories is that all mater is made from five elements. These elements are fire, water, air, earth and the fifth element aether. He believed all matter was made from a combination of the four elements except the stars and planets which are made of the fifth element aether. Even though Aristotle’s theory was wrong he contributed indirectly to the periodic table. The periodic table consists of elements and he hypothesised that elements exist. John Dalton John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He was born on th e 6th of September 1766 and died on the 27th of July 1844.He began to study at a local village school and at the age of 12 began to teach there. At the age of 15, he began to teach at a Quaker school in Kendal. After teaching here for 10 years he moved to Manchester as a teacher. While there he joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him laboratory facilities. The first paper he presented was about colour blindness which he suffered from. Dalton arrived to atomism by his fascination of meteorology. Dalton stated that the forces of repulsion thought to cause pressure acted only between atoms of the same type.From here on he proceeded to calculate the atomic weight of atoms from percentage compositions of compounds. After this he developed his own atomic theory, which completely revolutionised the way we see the world today. Dalton contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Dalton’s information on atomic weights was a huge factor in the creation the periodic table. He also proposed a chemical symbols for some elements. Without Dalton’s ground-breaking work the periodic table would not be possible. Johann DoberienerJohann Wolfgang Doberiener was a German chemist who was born on the 13th of December 1780 and died on the 24th of March 1849. Doberiener had little opportunity for formal schooling, and so he was apprenticed to a pharmacist. He began to read widely, and attended scientific lectures whenever he received the chance. In time he became a professor at the University of Jena in 1810. During the period of 1815-29, Johann Doberiener arranged elements in order of their atomic weight. He sorted these elements into groups of three, which became known as the law of triads.He arranged them according to the atomic weight of the middle element to the average atomic weight of the remaining two. Doberiener contributed indirectly toward the development of the periodic table. Though his method was disca rded due to the fact it didn’t apply to all the elements, Doberiener gave rise to new ways to classify the elements which greatly helped in the creation of the periodic table. John Newlands John Alexander Reina Newlands was an English chemist who worked on the development of the periodic table. He was born in London on the 26th of November of 1837 and died on the 29th of July 1898.He did not study at a normal school but was rather home schooled by his father. He went on to study at the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1863, he set up a practice as an analytical chemist and in 1868 he became the chief chemist at James Duncan’s London sugar refinery. He later left this profession and in 1864 published his concept of the periodicity of the chemical elements. He arranged all 62 elements (known at the time) into a table based upon the ascending order of the atomic weights. He observed that every 8th element in his table displayed similar properties.He named this discovery the Law of Octaves and stated that an element exhibits behavior that is similar to the eighth element preceding/succeeding it. John Newlands contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Even though Newland’s table was not accepted, his work helped to lead Mendeleev (the father of the periodic table) on the right track thus greatly contributing to creation of the periodic table. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He was born in Siberia in 1834 and died in 1907.He is considered the father of the periodic table because he created the first version of the periodic table of element and used it to predict elements yet to be discovered. In 1849 his family relocated to St. Petersburg and Mendeleev entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. He studied science there and graduated in 1856. In 1863 Mendeleev was appointed to a professorship in the University he studied in. In 1864 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his g reatest achievement: the periodic table of elements. He arranged the 66 elements known at the time by their atomic weight.By doing this he managed to organise them into groups possessing similar properties. If a gap existed in his table, he anticipated that a brand new element would one day be discovered and he predicted its properties. Some of the elements he predicted were later found and provided great evidence towards the accuracy of his table. Dmitri Mendeleev contributed directly towards the development of the periodic table since he developed it. Mendeleev’s original periodic table of elements is the model of the modern day periodic table of elements and thanks to his discovery we have a greater understanding of the universe. Henry MoseleyHenry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who was born in England on the 23rd of November 1887 and died on the 10th of August 1915 at Gallipoli. As a young boy Moseley studied at Summer Fields School where he was awarded a King’s scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor’s degree. In 1910, Moseley began to study under Sir Ernest Rutherford. In 1913, he moved back to Oxford, where he was given laboratory facilities. While at Oxford, Moseley measured the x-ray spectral lines of nearly all the elements known at the time.The results of his study showed a clear and simple progression of the elements that was based on the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus, rather than the order based on atomic weights that was then the basis of the periodic table. Moseley contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. He discovered the atomic number of elements which revolutionised the way the elements were sorted. Now thanks to him the modern periodic table is sorted by atomic number. Timeline of The Periodic Table 440 BCE Democritus and Leucippus put forward the idea of the atom, an ind ivisible particle that all matter is made of. 30 BCE Aristotle proposes his theory about the four elements which are earth, air, fire & water. He also proposes a fifth element aether, which the stars and planets were made of. 360 BCE Plato coins term the term ‘elements’. 1605 CE Sir Francis Bacon published â€Å"The Proficience and Advancement of Learning† which contained a description of what would later be known as the scientific method which is the acquirement of new knowledge or the correction of existing knowledge. 1661 CE Robert Boyle published â€Å"The Sceptical Chymist† which was a written work on the distinction between chemistry and alchemy.It also contained some of the first ideas of atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions. 1754 CE Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called â€Å"fixed air†. 1778 CE Antoine Lavoisier wrote the first detailed list of elements. The list contained 33 elements & differentiated between metals and non-metals. 1766 CE Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen was a colourless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air. 1773–1774 CE Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestly independently isolated oxygen. 1803 CE John Dalton proposed â€Å"Dalton’s Law† which described the bond between the components in a mixture of gases. 828 CE Jons Jacob Berzelius created a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to represent elements. 1828 CE Johann Doberiener developed groups of 3 elements with similar properties, which he called triads. 1864 CE John Newlands organised the known elements in order of atomic weights and observed resemblances between some elements. 1864 CE Julius Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic table, with 28 elements classified by valence. 1864 CE Dmitri Mendeleev produced a table based upon atomic weights but organised ‘periodically’ with elements of congruent properties under each other.His P eriodic Table included the 66 elements known at the time, classified by their atomic weights. 1894 CE William Ramsay discovered the Noble Gases. 1898 CE Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radium and polonium from pitchblende. 1900 CE Sir Ernest Rutherford discovered the cause of radioactivity was decaying atoms. 1913 CE Henry Moseley discovered the atomic number of each of the elements which changed the way the periodic table was organised. 1940 CE Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson discover neptunium, the lightest and first synthesized transuranium element, found in the products of uranium fission. 1940 CEGlenn Seaborg arranged the transuranic elements (the elements after uranium in the periodic table) below the periodic table making it easier to read. Reference List tutorvista. com. Dalton's Atomic Theory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chemistry. tutorvista. com/inorganic-chemistry/dalton-s-atomic-theory. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. citycolligiate. com. Dalton's Atomic Theory. [O NLINE] Available at: http://www. citycollegiate. com/atomic_structureIXc. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. ausetute. com. Relative Atomic Mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. ausetute. com. au/atomicmass. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. vogadro. com. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. avogadro. co. uk/definitions/ar. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Relative atomic mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Democritus. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Democritus. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Aristotle. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aristotle. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Dalton. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Dalton. Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org.. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang _D%C3%B6bereiner. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Alexander Reina Newlands. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands. [Accessed 23 March 13]. chemistry. co. nz. Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. chemistry. co. nz/mendeleev. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. blurit. com (n. d. ) Who Was Dmitri Mendeleev? [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. blurtit. com/q181876. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. www. corrosion-doctors. rg (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. corrosion-doctors. org/Biographies/MendeleevBio. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Henry Moseley. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Henry_Moseley [Accessed 23 March 13]. History-timelines. org. uk (n. d. ) Periodic Table Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at: htt p://www. history-timelines. org. uk/events-timelines/19-periodic-table-timeline. htm [Accessed 23 March 13].

Survey of Transport Geography essays

Survey of Transport Geography essays Pooley, Colin G., Jean Turnbull. Modal choice and modal change: The journey to work in Britain since 1890. Journal of Transport Geography, 8:11-24 In the chosen article the main idea was to show how since 1890 until present day how the journey to work using different transportation methods on a day to day basis has changed as technology has changed. Furthermore, to illustrate how changes in transportation policies have changed because of the modal change in transportation. It is ultimately related to the study of transportation geography because the article illustrates how the need for bigger and better infrastructure was needed to accommodate the modal change in ways people journey to work. The subject matter of the article is important because it focuses on the impacts of the industrial revolution on modes of transportation both in Britain and to a certain extent in the United States. It also addresses how policies affecting transportation had to change in order to keep up with the changing modes of transportation. It is also important because the information discovered in the article can also provide a basis for policies in developing countries in terms of infrastructure and regulations surrounding transportation. Some of the methods used in collecting the data on the changing structure of the journey to work were firstly, a survey of 1834 people who began working in 1890. Next 90 separate semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thirdly, and the largest group consisted of genealogists and family historians who where used in pervious study. Lastly, by placing advertisements at large employers and the local press to find people who were interested in the research and then setup interviews with those who were interested. From this style of research many problems and biases can occur, like those with more education and in higher status occupations would tend to respond to the advertisements. To correct this, the research ...

The Skills That Will Get You Hired in Administration [Infographic]

The Skills That Will Get You Hired in Administration [Infographic] Todays administration requires many skills.  If youre looking to get hired   in administration and one of its many fields, then here is some important information you need to know.Weve compiled an infographic detailing important skills that you need in order to be hired as a administrative professional.  Check it out below:

What do we owe each other in the social Contract Research Paper

What do we owe each other in the social Contract - Research Paper Example onfessing (assuming they wish to), they will be assured of punishment but by refusing to do so each of them is guaranteed a light one (Kreps et al., 1982). Ergo if each can depend on the other not to confess for the sake of them both, then it can be said they have a social contract in place. In the early part of this decade there has been a great deal of controversy and conflict in respect to the expectations of Americans from the social contract that has was established in previous generations (Edsall, 2013). There have been numerous complains for instant in the fast food industry with employees and employers at loggerheads over issues of minimum wage. In the 80’s and early 80’s for instance, the industrial social contract in the USA was characterized by companies that took care of their workers welfare and provided them with insurance cover and pension benefits (Lubchenco, 1998). As a result, they workers needed unions less and one could argue that the industrialist sacrificed their right to exploit workers and they in turn sacrifice theirs to agitate for better conditions than they were already enjoying through labor unions. There are other underlying issues that underpin the social contract challenge, for the first time in nearly half a century, Americ ans are forced to struggle with what they want to get from the social contract (Freedman & Lind, 2013). Retrospectively, it was founded on a premise of relatively high wages and reliable benefits; however today, the system is such that low wages are supposed to be offset by reduced consumer prices and government intervention. Explicably, there has been considerable disaffection with the state of affairs and this has necessitated a re-examination of what the social contract is expected to do for the people and how it is they seem to be getting a raw deal. Alan Krueger who is the chairperson of the Obama’s economic advisors posits that America has lost its ethical and moral moorings because of the

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Countrywide - Essay Example Otherwise, the ratio dropped to -11.61 in 2007 due to the general depression that affected the global economy (Kaplan, 2011). We can attribute the drop to predatory lending prices and slow housing market. The company was involved in the strategies only to lead it into problems. It is important to recognize that the company experienced a low return on assets. Ethics is a major determinant for the success of any business organization. The company’s poor performance can be partly attributed to unethical practices that it engaged while trying to maximize profit and introduce new products (Kaplan, 2011). For instance, subprime mortgage is a loan given to people with low income taking advantage of their lack of understanding of terms of the loans. The company misled the borrowers that it had a fixed rate in order to attract more clients yet they new that the people could not afford. The strategy lowered reputation of the

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Health Needs Assessment Proposal (2,000 words) - Essay Example HNA for the two boroughs; getting started, identifying health priorities, assessing the health priority, planning for change and lastly reviewing the entire process. Newham is the most ethnically diverse borough in London, experiencing the highest birth rate and having one of the highest rates of deprivation, ill health and early deaths (NHS 2009, pp. 91). According to Aston-Mansfield.org (2011, p. 4) the most recent data on employment in Newham indicates that it had the lowest employment rates in London, standing at 56.2% in 2008-09 and 59.5% in 2009-10 in comparison to London’s averages of 62.7% and 68.1% for the two years respectively. The diverse culture and high levels of deprivation and unemployment translate to existence of several health problems and health inequalities in Newham and thus lower health and wellness levels than London’s average. Redbridge on the other hand enjoys a similar or better health and well-being than London’s or England’s average as evidenced by significantly lower levels of most health considerations such as drug abuse, accidental injuries and teenage conceptions and generally a greater life expectancy (JSNA 2008, p. 58). The borough is similarly considerably multicultural, and bears health inequalities and problems (Trust for London and New Policy Institute 2010, Redbridge 2007, pp. 74-75). The decision to select these two boroughs was informed by the fact that they share a lot of considerations in terms of health needs assessment and yet have totally different health achievement profiles. The considerations for this step include the choice of population and the justification, the objectives of the HNA, the stakeholders to be involved, the resources required, the challenges and ways around them and lastly appraisal of the step (Cavanaugh and Chadwick 2005, p. 23). The populations selected in this proposal are the inhabitants of Newham and Redbridge boroughs. The subpopulations under question in both the boroughs are the

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay Alan Litchman and Laura B. Trust, Co-Presidents of Finagle a Bagel, own a bagel business in Boston (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Alan and Laura met in business school and after gaining business experience in other industries they purchased the bagel business with the intent of growing it as much as possible. They have two primary target markets: 1) retail stores and 2) wholesale accounts with large institutions. In this paper, we will briefly discuss a few of the strategies they used to manage their working capital. The owners of Finagle a Bagel were tired of working for other people so they decided to buy one new business. They have used several financial concepts to manage the financial accountability of their small business. They have controlled costs from the beginning of the process to the delivery of the product, as well as the administrative costs. Other items that have been highlighted are the management of cash flow, payback, and the schedule of cash entries, which has allowed the company to pay its debts. They have established a good relationship with the banks in order to negotiate the time frame for payments and rate. Suppliers are also a key success factor for the company, as the payment terms are negotiated to match the flow cash. The company’s focus is to maintain its financial management so that the business may grow and return large profits. The Finagle a Bagel also has a policy of recognizing the hard work of their employees. The owners believe that managers and employees are responsible for the success of the company. Together, the company is growing in a sustainable and financially healthy way. According to Alan Litchman, when making any investment, first one has to understand what the demand for the new product is going to be, and what kind of product can be made with the new equipment (Parrino, Kidwell, ba tes, 2012). Alongside his wife, Mr. Litchman explained how important it is to understand the company’s performance and opportunities to better apply capital investment in the company. They both explained, in their own words, the importance of setting up strategies and planning before putting a new product on the market. The couple also spoke about debt. Laura Trust said that debt is ‘a necessary evil’ and sometimes taking debt has its benefits if compared to finding capital through other means, such as pursuing a partner (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). In this case they did not want to take a venture capital partner because the owners wanted to have authority  when making business decisions, thus avoiding ‘working for someone else’ (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). This shows that the owners prefer a business structure like a sole proprietorship. Lastly, the fact that interest rates have been dropping for small business also supported their decision to take on debt to invest in the company. The couple is very educated when making business decisions, as they understand that even when a company has financial resources, the business gains more by obtaining financial resources from banks with small interest rates, while allowing the resources they have to generate dividends with higher interest rates. This is generally called borrowing ‘cheap money’ (Investopedia, 2014). Finally, credit is also discussed. They mentioned trade credit, which is the amount of time given to pay back vendors for the products bought. The longer the term, the better, as it allows time to receive revenue before having to pay the debt. This is another very important recommendation on how to properly use cash flow and avoid taking on debt. Overall, Alan Litchman and Laura B. Trust demonstrate a thorough understanding of how to manage their capital so that their small business continues to grow and increase their net profits, despite economic challenges in the community and the country. References Investopedia. (2014). Cheap Money. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cheap-money.asp Parrino, R., Kidwell, D., Bates, T. (2012) Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, (2nd Ed) John Wiley Sons Inc.

Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors

Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors ABSTRACT This study deals with the comparison of the two types of sensors which are widely used in civil engineering, namely, conventional sensors and optical fiber sensors. Temperature and displacement are the two principal parameters which are measured with the aid of Fiber optic sensors. Bragg Grating, Interferometric, Intensity Sensors, and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) are some of the techniques which are used for sensing. In this study, various case studies have been undertaken and have been analyzed. With the aid of these case studies, a detailed analysis and comparison of the sensors is carried out. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, the world has witnessed a revolution in the sectors of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. Various products such as laser printers and bar code scanners which have become a part of our daily usage, are a result of this technical revolution only. The reasons for the phenomenal growth of the fiber optics are many. The most conspicuous reason being the ability of the fiber optics to provide high performance and highly reliable communication links and that too at a very low bandwidth cost. As we see that optoelectronic and fiber communications industry has progressed a lot, and along with these industries fiber optic sensors have also benefited a lot from these developments. Due to the mass production in these industries, availability of fiber optic sensors at a low cost has been made possible in recent years. With their availability at affordable costs, fiber optic sensors have been able to enter the domain which was otherwise being ruled by the trad itional sensors. In recent years, the demand for the development of new materials to strengthen, upgrade and retrofit existing aged and deteriorated concrete structures has increased rapidly. The continuing deterioration and functional deficiency of existing civil infrastructure elements represents one of the most significance challenges facing the worlds construction and civil engineers. Deficiencies in existing concrete structures caused by initial flawed design due to insufficient detailing at the time of construction, aggressive chemical attacks and ageing of structural elements enhance an urgent need of finding an effective means to improve the performance of these structures without additionally increasing the overall weight, maintenance cost and time. In the last 50 years, a large number of civil concrete structures have been built; many of these structures, particularly in off-shore regions have now deteriorated and require repair in a short period of time. Moreover, the increase of traffic volume and population in many developing countries is causing the demand to upgrade existing concrete structures to increase. The damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures through reinforcement corrosion and residual capacity are the most important issues that concern engineers. These problems occur not only in constructed concrete structures but also in structures strengthened by externally bonded steel reinforcements. In the past, the external steel plate bonding method has been used to improve strength in the tensile region of concrete structures with an epoxy adhesive and has proved to be successful over a period of 20 years. However, the use of steel reinforced plates and bars has its disadvantages including high corrosion rates, which could adversely affect the bond strength and cause surface spalling of the concrete, due to volumetric change in the corroded steel reinforcements. Since the early 1980s, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been used as a replacement for conventional steel materials for concrete strengthening applications. In recent years, the interest in utilizing FRP materials in the civil concrete industry in forms of rods, plates, grid and jacket has grown increasingly. When an FRP plate with high tensile strength properties bonds on the concrete surface, it can strengthen the structure with minimum changes to its weight and dimensions. FRP offers substantial improvement in solving many practical problems that conventional materials cannot solve to provide a satisfactory service life of the structure. Unlike the conventional steel materials, FRP is corrosion resistant. The beneficial characteristics of using the FRP in concrete construction include its high strength-to-weight ratio, low labour requirement, ease of application, reduced traffic interruption during repair, cost reductions in both transportation and in situ maintenance for a long-term strategy. Its high damping characteristic also attracts more structural engineers to use these materials for seismic retrofitting. Due to the increasing use of FRP-plate bonding techniques in strengthening civil concrete structures, the interest in finding a suitable means of monitoring the structural health conditions of these strengthened structures has therefore increased substantially. Since strengthened structures are covered by the FRP plates, the mechani cal properties of the concrete may not be measured or detected easily through conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as strain measurements using surface mounted strain gauges or extensometers, radiography, thermography and acoustic emission methods, particularly in areas with microcracks and debonds underneath the externally-bonded plate. Besides, these structural inspection technologies, in certain cases, require special surface preparations or a high degree of flatness in the concrete surface. These requirements may be hard to achieve, particularly for an area that is exposed to a harsh environment. During the 1990s, a multi-disciplinary field of engineering known as ‘Smart Structures has developed as one of the most important research topics in the field.The structure is formed by a marriage of engineering materials with structurally-integrated sensor systems. The system is capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in the structural integrity of the structure. Fibre-optic sensor technology is a most attractive device currently used in the aerospace and aircraft industry for on-line monitoring of large-scale FRP structures. The development of distributed fibreoptic sensors, which provides information on a large number of continuously distribution parameters such as strain and temperature is of great interest in most engineering applications.11,12 The sensors are embedded into a structure to form a novel self-strainmonitoring system, i.e. the system can self-detect its health status and send response signals to operators during any marginal situation during service. The embedding sensor, due to its extremely small physical size, can provide the information to a high accuracy and resolution without influencing the dimension and mechanical properties of the structure. Fibre-optic sensors present a number of advantages over the conventional strain measuring devices: (a) providing an absolute measurement that is sensitive to fluctuation in irradiance of the illuminating source; (b) enabling the measurement of the strain in different locations in only one single optical fibre by using multiplexing techniques;(c) having a low manufacturing cost for mass production; and (d) its ability to be embedded inside a structure without influencing the mechanical properties of the host material. A new development of ‘Smart materials and structures was driven by a strong demand for high performance over recent years. A system integrated into structures and being able to monitor its hosts physical and mechanical properties such as temperature and strain, during service is appreciated as a ‘Smart structural health monitoring system. The term smart material and structure is widely used to describe the unique marriage of material and structural engineering by using fibre-optic sensors and actuation control technology. The smart structure is constructed of materials that can continuously monitor their own mechanical and physical properties, and thereby, be capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in structural integrity. This design concept results in improved safety and economic concerns regarding the weight saving and avoidance of over-designing of the structure in the long run. In Fig. 1, a schematic illustration of the structures possibilities created by the confluence of the four disciplines is shown. In the figure, a structure invested with actuating, sensing and neutral networking systems to form a new class of adaptive structures is shown. A structure with integrated sensor or actuator systems i s able to provide a self-structural health monitoring or actuating response, respectively. If both systems are integrated together into a structure, the sensor and actuators can act as nervous and muscular systems, like a human body, to sense the conditions such as mechanical strain and temperature of the structure (a smart structure) and to provide control of such changes of stiffness, shape and vibration mode (a controlled structure). The combination of these two systems into one structure is called a ‘Smart adaptive structure. This structure with a built-in neural networking system, like a brain, is then able to self evaluate the conditions, which are based on changes of structural parameters, thermal conditions and ambient environments to give an appropriate mechanical adjustment. This structure is commonly called an ‘Intelligent adaptive structure. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an unprecedented development in the fields of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. This in turn, has brought about a revolution in the sectors of telecommunication and various other industries. This has been made possible with the aid of high performance and reliable telecommunication links which have low bandwidth cost. Optical fibers have numerous advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages include their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference and high sensitivity. On the other hand, some of its disadvantages are their high cost and unfamiliarity to the end user. But its great advantages completely overshadow its minor disadvantages. So, in this study an attempt is being made to compare the modern age fiber optic sensors with the conventional sensors. Also, with the aid of the case studies, the impact of fiber optic sensor technology on monitoring of civil structures is studied (McKinley and Boswell 2002). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors. Presently, there exist a number of problems with the existing civil infrastructures. These civil infrastructures such as bridges etc. have a pretty long service period which may amount to several decades or maybe even hundred years. Thus, during this time period, these structures suffer from corrosion, fatigue and extreme loading. Since concrete is used mostly in these civil infrastructures, it degradation is a major issue all over the world. The amount of degradation and the time when the degradation starts depends on various factors and is inevitable and unavoidable. Thus, in order to keep these civil structures in good condition, it becomes necessary that their condition be monitored and adequate steps be taken. Thus, we need sensors which can monitor these structures throughout the life of these structures. Thus, in this study the impact of fiber optic sensors is studied on civil structures. 1.3 OBJECTIVES There are a few objectives that are planned to be achieved at the end of this project, these are: A general discussion on the present state of structural monitoring and the need of fiber optic sensors in this field A general study on Comparison between Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors Review of Case Studies on Fiber Optic Sensors application in Civil Engineering Structures 1.4 WORK PLAN Discussion, reading and observation Problem identification through reading, discussion and observation of the area studied Understand and identify the background of problem Studying feasibility and needs to carry out the investigation Identification of the Title for the project Identify the aim, objective and scope of the project Literature Review Understanding the background of the problem Understanding the history of the sensor technology in structural monitoring Carrying out literature survey on generic technologies of sensors for concrete structures Identify the types of sensor involved in monitoring the structural in civil engineering Identify the technique used and the working principle for each type of sensors (in particular optical fiber sensors) Case Study Choose the relevant and related case study for discussion Describe important aspects of case study Analyze the use of sensors in the case study Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations Discuss the similarities and differences Discuss the technical facets of sensor application Draw the overall conclusion for this project Give some recommendation for future Chapter 2: APPLICATIONS These days the fiber optic sensors are being used for a variety of applications, the most prominent of them being: Measurement of rotation and acceleration of bodies Measurement of electric and magnetic fields Measurement of temperature and pressure of bodies Measurement of acoustics and vibrations of various bodies Measurement of strain, viscosity and chemical properties of materials Measurement of surface condition and tactile sensing Measurement of sound , speed and proximity of bodies Determination of color and weight of different objects Measurement of linear and angular positions and this is widely utilized in civil engineering structures 2.1 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Like with any other technology, there are both advantages and disadvantages using fiber optic sensors. The prominent advantages being: Fiber optic sensors are lightweight and this is of great importance in case of engineered structures Fiber optic sensors are of smaller size as compared to the traditional sensors Also, fiber optic sensors consume less power as compared to the traditional sensors Along with this, these sensors show high resistance to electromagnetic interference as compared to the traditional sensors On top of this, fiber optic sensors have enjoy high bandwidth and high sensitivity as compared to their traditional counterparts Fiber optic sensors are usually embedded in objects and due to this, these sensors can gain access to areas which till date remain inaccessible with the aid of traditional sensors Also, these sensors are accurate over a greater dynamic range as compared to the traditional sensors Fiber optic sensors are also capable of being multiplexed which again is a further advantage over their traditional counterparts Also, fiber optic sensors are capable of distributed measurements which gives them an edge over and above the traditional sensors Last but not the least, they also show greater environmental ruggedness as compared to the traditional sensors 2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS But all this is just one side of the coin. Though on seeing these advantages, it might appear that fiber optic sensors are way too advanced as compared to the traditional ones, but it is not exactly true. These fiber optic sensors also have some disadvantages due to which their advancement in todays world has been somewhat curtailed. The major disadvantages of fiber optic sensors are: Fiber optic sensors are quite costly as compared to the traditional sensors. Due to this, many people still consider traditional sensors to be a better option in cases where cost is a major consideration. Secondly, these sensors have come into prominence only in the last two decades. Due to this, people appear to be somewhat less educated regarding their usage and operations. And this unfamiliarity with the usage of these sensors, has proved to be a major hurdle in being able to capture the whole market. Also, these sensors are considered to be more fragile as compared to the traditional sensors which raises a question over their adaptability in extreme conditions Also with the fiber optic sensors there exists the inherit ingress/egress difficulty Fiber optic sensors usually have a non-linear output which is a cause for concern in some applications From the above discussion, we can see that as is the case with any other new technology, there are both merits and demerits of fiber optic sensors. But, what is worth considering here is that the advantages of this technology are much more than its disadvantages and are able to outweigh them. Also, from the demerits which are mentioned here, it is clear that these demerits are bound to wither away as this technology develops and gains more prominence. 2.3 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Now we come to the discussion of the need and applications of the fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering structures. The monitoring of civil structures has a great significance in todays world. Today, we not only need to construct reliable and strong civil structures, but we also need to monitor these structures in order to ensure their proper functioning and their safety. Also, with the aid of the monitoring of various parameters of the structures, we can get knowledge about state of the building and by using this data, we can in turn plan the maintenance schedule for the structure (Mckinley, 2000). Also, this data can give us an insight into the real behavior of the structure and can thus take make important decisions regarding the optimization of similar structures which are to b e constructed in future. The maintenance of the structures can be approached in one of the two ways, namely: Material point of view- In this approach, monitoring is concentrated on local properties of the materials which are used in the construction. In this approach, we observe the behavior of the construction materials under the conditions of load, temperature etc. In this approach, short base length sensors are usually utilized. Also, it is possible to get the information about the whole structure with the aid of extrapolation of the data obtained from these sensors. Structural point of view- In this approach of measurement, the structure is viewed from a geometrical point of view. In this approach, long gauge length sensors appear to be the ideal choice. In this approach, we will be able to detect material degradation only if this material degradation has an impact on the form of the structure. In the recent years most of the research work which has been carried out in field of optic sensors has been in the field of material monitoring rather than structural monitoring. It is also worth mentioning here that, more sensors are required in the case of material monitoring as compared to structural monitoring. We know that civil engineering requires sensors that can be embedded in the concrete, mortars, steel, rocks, soil, road pavements etc. and can measure various parameters reliably. Also what should be taken into account is that these sensors should be easy to install and should not hamper the construction work or the properties of the structure in any derogatory manner. Also, it is common knowledge that at the sites of civil engineering, there exist the unavoidable conditions of dust, pollution, electromagnetic disturbances and of unskilled labor. Thus, the sensors to be used in these cases need to be rugged, should be inert to harsh environment conditions and should be easy to install and their installation could be carried out by unskilled labor. Along with all these things, it is imperative that these sensors are able to survive a period of at least ten years so that they can allow for a constant monitoring of the aging of the structure. Thus, we see that the fiber optic sensors ca n prove to be quite handful in civil engineering applications and structures. In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ON FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic sensors are of many kinds, but they can be broadly classified into two types, namely, extrinsic fiber optic sensors and intrinsic fiber optic sensors. There is a great deal of difference between these two types of fiber optic sensors and this difference is discussed in detail below. 3.1 EXTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS This type of fiber optic sensor is also known as hybrid fiber optic sensor. As we can see in the figure above that there is a black box and an input fiber enters into this black box. And from this input fiber, information is impressed upon light beam. There can be various ways by which the information can be impressed upon. Usually this information is impressed upon the light beam in terms of frequency or polarization. This light which then posses the information is carried away by the optical fiber. The optical fiber now goes to an electronic processor. (Vurpillot et al., 1998) Here, in the electronic processor the information which is brought along by the fiber is processed. Though we can have separate input fiber and output fiber, but in some cases it is preferred to have the same fiber as the input fiber and the output fiber. 3.2 INTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS The other type of optic fiber sensors is the intrinsic fiber sensors. An example of an intrinsic fiber sensor is shown in the figure below. The working of the intrinsic fiber sensors is somewhat different from the working of the extrinsic fiber sensors. In the intrinsic fiber sensors, the light beam is modulated and we rely on this modulation in the fiber in order to carry out the measurement. In the figure above, we can see an intrinsic fiber sensor or what is also known as all fiber sensor. 3.3 INTENSITY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS While there exist various kinds of fiber optic sensors today, but the most common of these sensors is the hybrid type fiber optic sensor which depends upon intensity modulation in order to carry out the measurements (Zako et al., 1995) In the figure below, we can see a vibration sensor. In this vibration sensor, there exist two optical fibers. The functioning of this fiber optic sensor is quite simple. In this fiber optic sensor, light enters from one side. And when this light exits from the other side, it exits in the form of a cone and the angle of this cone depends on two parameters. The two parameters upon which the angle of this cone depends are: Firstly, it depends on the index of refraction of the core Secondly, it depends on the cladding of the optical fiber Also, the amount of light captured by the second optic fiber depends on a number of factors. The prominent factors on which the amount of light captured depend are: It depends on the acceptance angle It also depends on the distance â€Å"d† between the optical fibers Another type of fiber optic sensor is the flexible mounted mirror sensor. The important characteristics of this sensor are: In this case, a mirror is mounted which is used to respond to external parameters such as pressure. The modulation in intensity is caused the shifts in the mirror position. These sensors are used in a variety of applications such as door closures. In a door closure, a reflective strip is used. These sensors are used to measure small variations and displacements 3.4 LINEAR POSITION SENSORS In todays world, linear position sensors have become widely applicable. They are being used for various purposes (Zako et al., 1995). In many of the linear positioning sensors, wavelength division multiplexing is used. An illustration of the linear position sensor is shown in the figure below. The various components of this linear position sensor are: It consists of a broadband light source It consists of various detectors as shown in the figure above It also consists of wavelength division multiplexing element which acts as the principal component of this instrument. It also consists of an encoder card In the example above, a broadband light source is utilized. The light from this broadband source is carried to a wavelength division multiplexing system with the aid of a single optic fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing system is used to determine the linear position. Another linear motion sensing method which is very widely used today and is quite similar to the method discussed above is known as the time division multiplexing method. This method is illustrated with the aid of a figure shown below. In this method instead of a broadband light source a light pulse is used. Here, the combination of the returned signals takes place. As a result of this combination of the returned signals, the net signal which is produced moves onto the position of the encoder card. The main areas in which these intensity based fiber optic sensors have found application are: In commercial aircrafts In military aircrafts In these applications these modern sensors have performed quite well and are at par with the performance of the conventional sensors. But, because of the various advantages these sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors, these modern sensors are bound to replace the conventional sensors in the years to come. 3.5 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS This is another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor. In the functioning of this sensor, the principle of total internal reflection is utilized. Thus, in these sensors the refraction index of the glass and the fiber occupy the pivotal role. These sensors can be utilized for a variety of purposes. The most prominent of its applications are: Measurement of pressure changes in gels Measurement of pressure changes in various liquids Measurement of refractive index changes in gels Measurement of refractive index changes in different types of liquids Measurement of the level of a liquid in a vessel and this application is utilized in various industries to measure liquid levels These sensors have an accuracy of about 5 percent and are gaining importance in various industries for their usefulness. 3.6 SOFO SENSORS These are fiber optic sensors which are utilized for strain measurement. These sensors have become quite popular owing to their innate merits. Out of all the fiber optic sensors, these sensors are the ones which are being used most extensively today. These sensors are being used to measure curvature and various other parameters in giant civil structures. These sensors form a part of the interferometric system (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Also, these sensors have the ability of measuring the parameters in an absolute manner using low-coherent light. The important properties of these sensors are: These fiber optic sensors enjoy a high resolution. The resolution of these sensors is 2  µm These sensors can be of varied lengths. Their length can be as small as 0.2m or can be as large as 20m. Also, these sensors have the property of being temperature compensated The SOFO system setup consists of a number of equipments. The main components of the SOFO system setup are: It consists of a fiber optic sensor which forms the crux of this monitoring system. It is the most important component of the monitoring system. It consists of a sensor chain with partial reflectors. One terminal of this sensor is connected to the coupler Another terminal of the sensor chain with partial reflectors is connected to the LED. The coupler in turn is connected to the photo diode and a mobile mirror. This whole portable reading unit is connected to portable computer terminal. This ensures that that the whole monitoring system can be taken to the location and can be directly used at site. These sensors can be utilized in two ways. They can either be embedded in the structure at the time of the construction of the structure. Or, they can used to measure the various parameters externally. Though in both the cases, that is, in case of embedding or in the case of external anchoring, the performance of the sensors remains the same, but still, in modern smart structures, embedding is preferred (Perez 2001). This is because, in the case of embedded sensors, the sensors continuously measure the parameters and are easy to manage. Whereas in the older structures, where embedding is not preferred, external anchoring is used. Chapter 4: CASE STUDIES Case study 1: Monitoring of San Giorgio pier San Giorgio pier is a massive concrete structure. Its length is about 400metres. It